The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, is an international treaty aimed at limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, while pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The agreement also aims to strengthen the ability of countries to cope with the impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development.

So far, 189 countries have joined the Paris Agreement. However, there are a handful of countries that have not yet ratified or joined the accord. Here are the countries that have not joined the Paris Agreement:

1. Iran: Iran signed the Paris Agreement in April 2016 but has not yet ratified it. The country has expressed concerns about the agreement’s impact on its economic development and has called for financial and technological support to help it transition to a low-carbon economy.

2. Iraq: Iraq has not signed or ratified the Paris Agreement. The country has a significant oil industry and is heavily reliant on fossil fuels for its economy, which may be a factor in its decision not to join the agreement.

3. Libya: Libya has not signed or ratified the Paris Agreement. The country is currently experiencing political instability and conflict, which may make it difficult for it to focus on climate change mitigation efforts.

4. South Sudan: South Sudan has not signed or ratified the Paris Agreement. The country is one of the world’s least developed nations and may lack the resources and infrastructure to implement climate change mitigation measures.

5. Turkey: Turkey signed the Paris Agreement in April 2016 but has not yet ratified it. The country has expressed concerns about the agreement’s impact on its economy and has called for developed countries to provide more financial and technological support for Turkey’s transition to a low-carbon economy.

6. Eritrea: Eritrea has not signed or ratified the Paris Agreement. The country is one of the world’s poorest nations and may lack the resources and infrastructure to implement climate change mitigation measures.

7. Yemen: Yemen has not signed or ratified the Paris Agreement. The country is currently experiencing political instability and conflict, which may make it difficult for it to focus on climate change mitigation efforts.

It is important to note that even though these countries have not joined the Paris Agreement, they can still take actions to mitigate climate change in their own ways. Each country has its own unique circumstances and challenges that may affect their ability to join international agreements. However, the global community is working together to combat climate change and address its impacts.